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Background  Paracoccidioidomycosis, a chronic granulomatous fungal disease caused by  Paracoccidioides brasiliensis  yeast cells affects mainly rural workers, albeit recently cases in immunosuppressed individuals has been reported. Protective immune response against  P. brasiliensis  is dependent on the activity of helper T cells especially IFN-γ-producing Th1 cells. It has been proposed that  Paracoccidioides brasiliensis  is able to modulate the immune response towards a permissive state and that the thymus plays a major role in it.    Methods  In this paper, we show that acute infection of BALB/c mice with  P. brasiliensis  virulent isolate (Pb18) might cause alterations in the thymic environment as well as the prohibitive TCR-expressing T cells in the spleens.    Results  After seven days of infection, we found yeast cells on the thymic stroma, the thymic epithelial cells (TEC) were altered regarding their spatial-orientation and inflammatory mediators gene expression was increased. Likewise, thymocytes (differentiating T cells) presented higher migratory ability in ex vivo experiments. Notwithstanding,  P. brasiliensis -infected mice showed an increased frequency of prohibitive TCR-expressing T cells in the spleens, suggesting that the selection processes that occur in the thymus may be compromised during the acute infection.    Conclusion  In this paper, for the first time, we show that acute infection with  Paracoccidioides brasiliensis  yeast cells promotes thymic alterations leading to a defective repertoire of peripheral T cells. The data presented here may represent new mechanisms by which  P. brasiliensis  subverts the immune response towards the chronic infection observed in humans.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-016-1561-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection promotes thymic disarrangement and premature egress of mature lymphocytes expressing prohibitive TCRs