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Background  Non-typhoidal  Salmonella  (NTS) is an important public health problem worldwide. Consumption of animal-derived food products and direct and/or indirect contact with animals are the major routes of acquiring infection with NTS. Published information, particularly on the serotype distribution of NTS among human patients with gastroenteritis and associated risk factors, is scarce in Ethiopia. This study investigated the prevalence, risk factors, serotype distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility of  Salmonella  species among diarrheic out-patients attending health centers in Addis Ababa and patients with various gastrointestinal complaints at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital (TASH).    Methods  Stool samples were cultured for  Salmonella  species according to the WHO Global Foodborne Infections Network laboratory protocol.  Salmonella  serotyping was conducted using slide agglutination and microplate agglutination techniques. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion method according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines.    Results  A total of 59 (6.2 %) stool samples, out of 957 were culture positive for  Salmonella  species. Fifty-five (7.2 %) of 765 diarrheic patients from health centers and 4 (2.1 %) of 192 patients from TASH were culture positive for  Salmonella  species. Multivariable logistic regression analysis after adjusting for all other variables revealed statistically significant association of  Salmonella  infection with consumption of raw vegetables (OR = 1.91, 95 % CI = 1.29–2.83, χ 2  = 4.74,  p =  0.025) and symptom of watery diarrhea (OR = 3.3, 95 % CI = 1.23–8.88, χ 2  = 10.54,  p =  0.005). Eleven serotypes were detected, and the most prominent were  S.  Typhimurium (37.3 %),  S . Virchow (34 %), and  S.  Kottbus (10.2 %). Other serotypes were  S.  Miami,  S.  Kentucky,  S . Newport,  S . Enteritidis,  S . Braenderup,  S . Saintpaul,  S . Concord and  S.  V:ROUGH-O. Resistance to three or more antimicrobials was detected in 27 (40.3 %) of the isolates. Resistance to five or more antimicrobials was detected in 17 (25.4 %). Resistance to individual antimicrobials was found at varying proportions: streptomycin (50; 74.6 %), nitrofurantoin (27; 40.3 %), sulfisoxazole (26; 38.8 %), kanamycin (23; 34.3 %), cephalothin (12; 17.9 %), and ampicillin (11; 16.4 %) respectively. Two  S . Kentucky, one  S . Typhimurium and one  S.  Concord isolates were multi-drug resistant to more than 10 antimicrobials.    Conclusions  The study demonstrated significant association of  Salmonella  infection with consumption of raw vegetables. There was no significant association of  Salmonella  infection with co-occurring parasites. The study also showed the dominance of  S.  Typhimurium and  S . Virchow in primary health care units. Overall, prevalence of MDR was low compared to previous studies. Although their proportion was low,  S.  Kentucky and  S.  Concord demonstrated wider spectrum of MDR. Continuous monitoring of circulating serotypes, antimicrobial resistance profile and characterization on molecular resistance determinants is essential for proper treatment of patients and for identifying potential environmental origins of antimicrobial resistance.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-015-1235-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

bmc infectious diseases

Non-typhoidal Salmonella serotypes, antimicrobial resistance and co-infection with parasites among patients with diarrhea and other gastrointestinal complaints in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia