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Background  The pathogenic potential and commensal nature of  Staphylococcus aureus  allows for easy transmission both within and outside of the hospital environment, and nasal carriage may be responsible for some serious infections. This study aimed to determine the molecular and epidemiological characteristics of nasal colonization by  S. aureus  in community residents (CR) and healthcare workers (HW) at Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.    Methods  A total of 589 volunteers, both CR ( n  = 297) and HW ( n  = 292), were recruited. Each subject completed a questionnaire, and specimens were obtained from the anterior nares for  S. aureus  screening. Genotypic analysis included pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multilocus sequence typing (MLST), staphylococcal cassette chromosome  mec  (SCC mec ) typing, and virulence gene detection.    Results  A total of 138  S. aureus  isolates were recovered from separate subjects (23.4 %, 138/589), with four isolates showing methicillin resistance (0.7 %, 4/589). The prevalence of  S. aureus  carriage was 25.3 % (75/297) in CR and 21.6 % (63/292) in HW. Methicillin-resistant  S. aureus  (MRSA) were isolated from one CR (0.3 %, 1/297) and three HW (1.0 %, 3/292). The most common risk factors for  S. aureus  carriage in CR were being male, age ≤ 30 years, and nasal cavity cleaning habits. Having a household member in the healthcare profession was associated with increased risk among HW. Sequence type (ST)188 and ST59 were the most prevalent among the 20 observed STs, accounting for 14.6 % and 12.2 % of all isolates, respectively. The four MRSA isolates presented four different STs, with one isolate carrying a type IVa SCC mec  element and the other three isolates containing type III SCC mec . PFGE analysis grouped the 129 isolates into 23 pulsotypes, with profiles A, N, E, L, and O the most prevalent. The Panton-Valentine leucocidin gene ( pvl ) was identified in two of the 138 isolates, while 57.5 % of isolates carried both the  Staphylococcus aureus  enterotoxin A ( sea ) and enterotoxin B ( seb ) genes.    Conclusions  These data indicate a low prevalence of nasal MRSA carriage but evidence of molecular heterogeneity among  S. aureus  isolates from CR and HW at Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou. Differences in epidemiological and molecular characteristics of  S. aureus  between CR and HW populations may be useful for the understanding and prevention of  S. aureus  infection.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-015-1032-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

bmc infectious diseases

Differences in Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage and molecular characteristics among community residents and healthcare workers at Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Southern China