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Background  There is a paucity of data pertaining to the epidemiology and public health impact of  Enterobius vermicularis  and  Strongyloides stercoralis  infections. We aimed to determine the extent of enterobiasis, strongyloidiasis, and other helminth infections and their association with asymptomatic  Plasmodium  parasitaemia, anaemia, nutritional status, and blood cell counts in infants, preschool-aged (PSAC), and school-aged children (SAC) from rural coastal Tanzania.    Methods  A total of 1,033 children were included in a cross-sectional study implemented in the Bagamoyo district in 2011/2012. Faecal samples were examined for intestinal helminth infections using a broad set of quality controlled methods. Finger-prick blood samples were subjected to filariasis and  Plasmodium  parasitaemia testing and full blood cell count examination. Weight, length/height, and/or mid-upper arm circumference were measured and the nutritional status determined in accordance with age.    Results   E. vermicularis  infections were found in 4.2% of infants, 16.7%, of PSAC, and 26.3% of SAC.  S. stercoralis  infections were detected in 5.8%, 7.5%, and 7.1% of infants, PSAC, and SAC, respectively. Multivariable regression analyses revealed higher odds of enterobiasis in children of all age-groups with a reported anthelminthic treatment history over the past six months (odds ratio (OR): 2.15; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.22 - 3.79) and in SAC with a higher temperature (OR: 2.21; CI: 1.13 - 4.33). Strongyloidiasis was associated with eosinophilia (OR: 2.04; CI: 1.20-3.48) and with  Trichuris trichiura  infections (OR: 4.13; CI: 1.04-16.52) in children of all age-groups, and with asymptomatic  Plasmodium  parasitaemia (OR: 13.03; CI: 1.34 - 127.23) in infants. None of the investigated helminthiases impacted significantly on the nutritional status and anaemia, but moderate asymptomatic  Plasmodium  parasitaemia was a strong predictor for anaemia in children aged older than two years (OR: 2.69; 95% CI: 1.23 – 5.86).    Conclusions   E. vermicularis  and  S. stercoralis  infections were moderately prevalent in children from rural coastal Tanzania. Our data can contribute to inform yet missing global burden of disease and prevalence estimates for strongyloidiasis and enterobiasis. The association between  S stercoralis  and asymptomatic  Plasmodium  parasitaemia found here warrants further comprehensive investigations.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-014-0644-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

bmc infectious diseases

Enterobiasis and strongyloidiasis and associated co-infections and morbidity markers in infants, preschool- and school-aged children from rural coastal Tanzania: a cross-sectional study