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Background  Endoscopic resection has been used for high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia (HGIN) and superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) with limited risk of lymph node metastasis. However, some of these lesions cannot be accurately diagnosed based on forceps biopsy prior to treatment. In this study we aimed to investigate how to solve this histological discrepancy and avoid over- and under-treatment.    Methods  The medical records of patients with superficial esophageal squamous cell neoplasia who underwent endoscopic resection at our hospital from January 2012 to December 2019 were reviewed retrospectively. The histological discrepancy between the biopsy and resected specimens was calculated and its association with clinicopathological parameters was analyzed.    Results  A total of 137 lesions from 129 patients were included. The discrepancy rate between forceps biopsy and resected specimens was 45.3% (62/137). Histological discrepancy was associated with the histological category of the biopsy ( p  < 0.001). In addition, 17 of the 30 (56.7%) biopsies that was diagnosed as indefinite/negative for neoplasia or low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia were upgraded to HGIN or ESCC after resection. The upgrade was due to lesion size ≥ 10 mm ( p  = 0.002) and type B intrapapillary capillary loops ( p  < 0.001). Moreover, 34 of the 83 biopsies that were diagnosed with HGIN were upgraded to ESCC after resection, which was related to lesion size ( p  = 0.001), location ( p  = 0.018), and pink color sign ( p  = 0.002).    Conclusions  Histological discrepancy between forceps biopsy and resected specimens is common in clinical practice. Recognizing the risk factors for each histological category of biopsy may reduce these discrepancies and improve clinical management.    Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12876-021-01694-9.

bmc gastroenterology

Endoscopic resections for superficial esophageal squamous cell epithelial neoplasia: focus on histological discrepancies between biopsy and resected specimens