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Background  The global prevalence of  H. pylori  approaches 50%, with prevalence rates between 20 and 40% in developed countries and up to 90% in Africa and other developing nations of the world. Development of  H. pylori -associated diseases is determined by a number of virulence factors. This study aimed at determining the prevalence of  H. pylori  infections and virulence genes ( cag A , dup A , and vac A); the relationship between virulence factors and gastroduodenal diseases among patients.    Methods  Gastric biopsies were obtained from patients and cultured, DNA was extracted from cultured isolates and biopsies for PCR assay after which samples were investigated using standard laboratory procedures. Data of associated risk factors were obtained with the aid of questionnaires.    Results  Of the 444 participants,  H. pylori  was detected in 115 (25.9%) from culture analysis and 217 (48.9%) by direct PCR method. Ninety-eight (85.2%) of the culture-positive patients were also detected by PCR giving an overall prevalence of 52.7% (234/444). The highest number of  H. pylori  isolates 76.9% (180/234) was obtained from patients suffering from pangastritis. The  Cag A virulence gene was found in 62% (145/234),  dup A in 53.4% (125/234) and  vac A in 90.6% (212/234).  Vac A genotype s1 m1 was the most prevalent [56.4% (132)] followed by s2 m2 [11.5% (27)], s2 m1 [10.3% (24)] and [s1 m2 9.4% (22)]. There was a significant association observed in  vac A s1 and peptic ulcer disease, as well as  vac A s1/m2 and gastric erosion ( P  < 0.05).    Conclusion  The study revealed a significant association between virulence genes and the development of certain forms of gastric infections while the variations in  H. pylori  detection and the associated risk factors investigated in the study were not significantly related.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12876-019-0986-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

bmc gastroenterology

Detection of Helicobacter pylori and its virulence genes (cagA, dupA, and vacA) among patients with gastroduodenal diseases in Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, South Africa