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Background   Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)  infection is a worldwide threat to human health with high prevalence. In this study, we analyzed the relationship between latitude, average annual temperature, average daily sunshine time and  H. pylori  infection.    Methods  The PubMed,  ClinicalTrials.gov , EBSCO and Web of Science databases were searched to identify studies reporting  H. pylori  infection. Latitude 30° was the cut-off level for low and mid-latitude areas. We obtained information for latitude, average annual temperature, average daily sunshine, and Human Development Index (HDI) from reports of studies of the relationships with  H. pylori infection .    Results  Of the 51 studies included, there was significant difference in  H. pylori  infection between the low- and mid-latitude areas ( P  = 0.05). There was no significant difference in the prevalence of  H. pylori  infection in each 15°-latitude zone analyzed ( P  = 0.061). Subgroup analysis revealed the highest and lowest  H. pylori  infection rates in the developing regions at > 30° latitude subgroup and the developed regions at < 30° latitude subgroup, respectively ( P  < 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that average annual temperature, average daily sunshine time and HDI were significantly correlated with  H. pylori  infection ( P  = 0.009,  P  < 0.001,  P  < 0.001), while there was no correlation between  H. pylori  infection and latitude.    Conclusions  Our analysis showed that higher average annual temperature was associated with lower  H. pylori  infection rates, while average daily sunshine time correlated positively with  H. pylori  infection. HDI was also found to be a significant factor, with higher HDI associated with lower infection rates. These findings provide evidence that can be used to devise strategies for the prevention and control of  H. pylori .    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12876-018-0779-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

bmc gastroenterology

Systematic review of the relationship of Helicobacter pylori infection with geographical latitude, average annual temperature and average daily sunshine