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Background With the emergence of molecularly targeted agents and immunotherapies, the landscape of phase I trials in oncology has been changed. Though these new therapeutic agents are very likely induce multiple low- or moderate-grade toxicities instead of DLT, most of the existing phase I trial designs account for the binary toxicity outcomes. Motivated by a pediatric phase I trial of solid tumor with a continuous outcome, we propose an adaptive generalized Bayesian optimal interval design with shrinkage boundaries, gBOINS, which can account for continuous, toxicity grades endpoints and regard the conventional binary endpoint as a special case. Result The proposed gBOINS design enjoys convergence properties, e.g., the induced interval shrinks to the toxicity target and the recommended dose converges to the true maximum tolerated dose with increased sample size. Conclusion The proposed gBOINS design is transparent and simple to implement. We show that the gBOINS design has the desirable finite property of coherence and large-sample property of consistency. Numerical studies show that the proposed gBOINS design yields good performance and is comparable with or superior to the competing design.

An adaptive gBOIN design with shrinkage boundaries for phase I dose-finding trials