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Background  Power analysis is a critical aspect of the design of experiments to detect an effect of a given size. When multiple hypotheses are tested simultaneously, multiplicity adjustments to  p -values should be taken into account in power analysis. There are a limited number of studies on power analysis in multiple testing procedures. For some methods, the theoretical analysis is difficult and extensive numerical simulations are often needed, while other methods oversimplify the information under the alternative hypothesis. To this end, this paper aims to develop a new statistical model for power analysis in multiple testing procedures.    Methods  We propose a step-function-based  p -value model under the alternative hypothesis, which is simple enough to perform power analysis without simulations, but not too simple to lose the information from the alternative hypothesis. The first step is to transform distributions of different test statistics (e.g.,  t , chi-square or  F ) to distributions of corresponding  p -values. We then use a step function to approximate each of the  p -value’s distributions by matching the mean and variance. Lastly, the step-function-based  p -value model can be used for theoretical power analysis.    Results  The proposed model is applied to problems in multiple testing procedures. We first show how the most powerful critical constants can be chosen using the step-function-based  p -value model. Our model is then applied to the field of multiple testing procedures to explain the assumption of monotonicity of the critical constants. Lastly, we apply our model to a behavioral weight loss and maintenance study to select the optimal critical constants.    Conclusions  The proposed model is easy to implement and preserves the information from the alternative hypothesis.

A P-value model for theoretical power analysis and its applications in multiple testing procedures