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Background  Increased arterial stiffness (iAS) and microalbuminuria (MAU), which may occur simultaneously or separately in the general population and share similar risk factors, are markers of macro- and microvascular injuries. Our research investigated the comorbidity of iAS and MAU in the middle-aged population and examined the heterogeneous effects of metabolic risk factors on iAS and MAU.    Methods  We selected 11,911 individuals aged 45 to 60 years who underwent a health examination at the 3rd Xiangya Hospital between 2010 and 2014. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) was determined according to IDF/NHLBI/AHA-2009 criteria. Multinomial logistic regression was applied to evaluate the influence of MetS, components of MetS and clusters of MetS on the co-occurrence (MAU(+)/iAS(+)) or non-co-occurrence (MAU(+)/iAS(−) and MAU(−)/iAS(+)) of MAU and iAS.    Results  Reference group was MAU(−)/iAS(−). A positive effect of MetS on the presence of MAU(+)/iAS(−), MAU(−)/iAS(+), or MAU(+)/iAS(+) is listed in ascending order based on odds ratios (ORs = 2.11, 2.41, 4.61, respectively;  P  < 0.05). Compared with MAU(+)/iAS(−), Elevated blood pressure (BP) (OR = 1.62 vs. 4.83,  P <  0.05), triglycerides(TG) (OR = 1.20 vs. 1.37,  P <  0.05) were more strongly associated with MAU(−)/iAS(+), whereas fasting blood glucose (FBG) was less associated (OR = 1.37 vs. 1.31,  P <  0.05). Decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-c) (OR = 1.84,  P <  0.01) and elevated waist circumference(WC) (OR = 1.28  P <  0.01) were the most strongly associated with MAU(+)/iAS(−). Compared with the individuals without MetS, individuals with the elevated BP, FBG, TG and decreased HDL-c cluster had the greatest likelihood of presenting a MAU(−)/iAS(+) (OR = 5.98,  P  < 0.01) and MAU(+)/iAS(+) (OR = 13.17,  P  < 0.01), these likelihood was even greater than the cluster with simultaneous alteration in all five MetS components (OR = 3.89 and 10.77, respectively,  P  < 0.01), which showed the most strongly association with MAU(+)/iAS(+) (OR = 5.22,  P  < 0.01).    Conclusion  Based on the heterogeneous influences of MetS-related risk factors on MAU and iAS, these influences could be selectively targeted to identify different types of vascular injuries.

The comorbidity of increased arterial stiffness and microalbuminuria in a survey of middle-aged adults in China