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Background  We analyzed the influence of anesthesia methods on surgical outcomes and renal function in retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) in a prospective, randomized controlled study.    Methods  Seventy patients who underwent RIRS from September 2015 to February 2017 were randomly allocated to general anesthesia (GA) or spinal anesthesia (SA) groups. Renal function was assessed using estimated glomerular filtration rate, and separate renal function was evaluated using nuclear medicine tests. Maneuverability and accessibility were evaluated after every surgery. All procedures were performed by a single experienced surgeon (SY Cho).    Results  Stone-free rate was higher in the GA (92.3%, 36 of 39) than the SA (71.0%, 22 of 31) ( P  = 0.019) group. Pain score was higher in the GA than in the SA group on the first postoperative morning ( P  = 0.025), but pain scores of the two groups were similar before discharge ( P  = 0.560). There were no differences in the changes of serum creatinine level ( P  = 0.792) and changes of estimated glomerular filtration rate ( P  = 0.807). Differences of separate renal function between operative and contralateral site increased significantly in patients under GA than under SA at postoperative 3 months ( P  = 0.014). Maneuverability and accessibility were better in SA with sedation than GA ( P  &lt; 0.001).    Conclusions  RIRS under SA showed advantages in renal function change using renogram at postoperative 3 months and in lower pain score on the first postoperative morning. Performance of operator under SA was worse than that under GA and significantly improved with sedation. RIRS under SA showed advantages in lower pain score at postoperative first day.    Trial registration   Clinicaltrials.gov  ID is NCT03957109, and registration date is 17th May 2019. This study was retrospectively registered.

bmc anesthesiology

Influence of anesthesia methods on surgical outcomes and renal function in retrograde intrarenal stone surgery: a prospective, randomized controlled study