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Background  During facemask ventilation, gastric insufflation is defined as appearance of a comet-tail or an acoustic shadow on ultrasonography. Ultrasonographic measurement of antral cross-section area (CSA) may reflect an insufflated antrum and provide interesting semi-quantitative data in regard to the gastric insufflation. This study aimed to determine the appropriate level of inspiratory pressure sufficient to provide adequate pulmonary ventilation with a lower occurrence of gastric insufflation during facemask pressure-controlled ventilation using real-time ultrasonography in paralyzed children.    Methods  Ninety children, ASA I-II, aged from 2 to 4 years, scheduled for general anesthesia were enrolled in this randomized and double-blinded study. Children were randomized into one of the five groups (P8, P10, P12, P14, and P16) defined by the applied inspiratory pressure during facemask ventilation: 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 cm H 2 O. Anesthesia induction was conducted with fentanyl and propofol. Rocuronium was administrated as a muscle relaxant. After rocuronium administration, facemask ventilation was performed for 120 s. Gastric insufflation (GI+) was detected by ultrasonography, and the antral CSA before and after facemask ventilation were also measured using ultrasonography. Respiratory variables were monitored.    Results  Gastric insufflation was detected in 32 children (3/18 in group P8, 5/18 in group P10, 7/18 in group P12, 8/16 in group P14, and 9/14 in group P16). The antral CSA after facemask ventilation statistically increased in subgroups P14 GI+ and P16 GI+ for whom gastric insufflation was detected by ultrasonography, whereas it did not change statistically in other groups. Lung ventilation was inadequate for group P8 or P10.    Conclusion  We concluded that an inspiratory pressure of 12 cm H 2 O is sufficient to provide adequate ventilation with a lower occurrence of gastric insufflation during induction of general anesthesia in paralyzed Chinese children aged from 2 to 4 years old.    Trial registration  ( ChiCTR-IPR-16007960 ). Registered 21 February 2016    Conclusion heading:  Ultrasound for determining gastric insufflation

bmc anesthesiology

Determination of the optimal inspiratory pressure providing adequate ventilation while minimizing gastric insufflation using real-time ultrasonography in Chinese children: a prospective, randomized, double-blind study