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Background The rhizome of  Polygonatum kingianum  Coll. et Hemsl ( P. kingianum ) is a crucial traditional Chinese medicine, but severe bud dormancy occurs during early rhizome development. Low temperature is a positive factor affecting dormancy release, whereas the variation in carbohydrates during dormancy release has not been investigated systematically. Therefore, the sugar content, related metabolic pathways and gene co-expression were analysed to elucidate the regulatory mechanism of carbohydrates during dormancy release in the  P. kingianum  rhizome bud. Results During dormancy transition, starch and sucrose (Suc) exhibited opposing trends in the  P. kingianum  rhizome bud, representing a critical indicator of dormancy release. Galactose (Gal) and raffinose (Raf) were increased in content and synthesis. Glucose (Glc), cellulose (Cel), mannose (Man), arabinose (Ara), rhamnose (Rha) and stachyose (Sta) showed various changes, indicating their different roles in breaking rhizome bud dormancy in  P. kingianum . At the beginning of dormancy release, Glc metabolism may be dominated by anaerobic oxidation (glycolysis followed by ethanol fermentation). After entering the S3 stage, the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) and pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) were may be more active possibly. In the gene co-expression network comprising carbohydrates and hormones,  HYD1  was identified as a hub gene, and numerous interactions centred on  STS/SUS  were also observed, suggesting the essential role of brassinosteroids (BRs), Raf and Suc in the regulatory network. Conclusion We revealed cold-responsive genes related to carbohydrate metabolism, suggesting regulatory mechanisms of sugar during dormancy release in the  P. kingianum  rhizome bud. Additionally, gene co-expression analysis revealed possible interactions between sugar and hormone signalling, providing new insight into the dormancy release mechanism in  P. kingianum  rhizome buds.

Carbohydrate regulation response to cold during rhizome bud dormancy release in Polygonatum kingianum