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Background Pinus tabuliformis  adapts to cold climate with dry winter in northern China, serving as important commercial tree species. The TEOSINTE BRANCHED 1, CYCLOIDEA, and PROLIFERATING CELL FACTOR family(TCP)transcription factors were found to play a role in the circadian clock system in  Arabidopsis . However, the role of TCP transcription factors in  P. tabuliformis  remains little understood. Results In the present study, 43  TCP  genes were identified from  P. tabuliformis  genome database. Based on the phylogeny tree and sequence similarity, the 43  TCP  genes were classified into four groups. The motif results showed that different subfamilies indeed contained different motifs. Clade II genes contain motif 1, clade I genes contain motif 1, 8, 10 and clade III and IV contain more motifs, which is consistent with our grouping results. The structural analysis of  PtTCP  genes showed that most  PtTCPs  lacked introns. The distribution of clade I and clade II on the chromosome is relatively scattered, while clade III and clade IV is relatively concentrated. Co-expression network indicated that  PtTCP2 ,  PtTCP12 ,  PtTCP36 ,  PtTCP37 ,  PtTCP38 ,  PtTCP41  and  PtTCP43  were co-expressed with clock genes in annual cycle and their annual cycle expression profiles both showed obvious seasonal oscillations.  PtTCP2 ,  PtTCP12 ,  PtTCP37 ,  PtTCP38 ,  PtTCP40 ,  PtTCP41 ,  PtTCP42  and  PtTCP43  were co-expressed with clock genes in diurnal cycle. Only the expression of  PtTCP42  showed diurnal oscillation. Conclusions The  TCP  gene family, especially clade II, may play an important role in the regulation of the season and circadian rhythm of  P. tabuliformis . In addition, the low temperature in winter may affect the diurnal oscillations.

Genome-wide TCP transcription factors analysis provides insight into their new functions in seasonal and diurnal growth rhythm in Pinus tabuliformis