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Background Taxol from  Taxus species  is a precious drug used for the treatment of cancer and can effectively inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells. However, the growth of  Taxus  plants is very slow and the content of taxol is quite low. Therefore, it is of great significance to improve the yield of taxol by modern biotechnology without destroying the wild forest resources. Endophytic fungus which symbiosis with their host plants can promote the growth and secondary metabolism of medicinal plants. Results Here, an endophytic fungus KL27 was isolated from  T. chinensis , and identified as  Pseudodidymocyrtis lobariellae . The fermentation broth of KL27 (KL27-FB) could significantly promote the accumulation of taxol in needles of  T. chinensis , reaching 0.361 ± 0.082 mg/g·DW (dry weight) at 7 days after KL27-FB treatment, which is 3.26-fold increase as compared to the control. The RNA-seq and qRT-PCR showed that KL27-FB could significantly increase the expression of key genes involved in the upstream pathway of terpene synthesis (such as  DXS  and  DXR ) and those in the taxol biosynthesis pathway (such as  GGPPS ,  TS, T5OH, TAT, T10OH, T14OH, T2OH, TBT, DBAT  and  PAM ), especially at the early stage of the stimulation. Moreover, the activation of jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis and JA signal transduction, and its crosstalk with other hormones, such as gibberellin acid (GA), ethylene (ET) and salicylic acid (SA), explained the elevation of most of the differential expressed genes related to taxol biosynthesis pathway. Moreover, TF (transcriptional factor)-encoding genes, including MYBs, ethylene-responsive transcription factors (ERFs) and basic/helix-loop-helix (bHLH), were detected as differential expressed genes after KL27-FB treatment, further suggested that the regulation of hormone signaling on genes of taxol biosynthesis was mediated by TFs. Conclusions Our results indicated that fermentation broth of endophytic fungus KL27-FB could effectively enhance the accumulation of taxol in  T. chinensis  needles by regulating the phytohormone metabolism and signal transduction and further up-regulating the expression of multiple key genes involved in taxol biosynthesis. This study provides new insight into the regulatory mechanism of how endophytic fungus promotes the production and accumulation of taxol in  Taxus  sp.

Endophytic fungus Pseudodidymocyrtis lobariellae KL27 promotes taxol biosynthesis and accumulation in Taxus chinensis