English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Background  In plants, histone modification ( HM ) genes participate in various developmental and defense processes. Gramineae plants (e.g.,  Triticum aestivum ,  Hordeum vulgare ,  Sorghum bicolor ,  Setaria italica ,  Setaria viridis , and  Zea mays ) are important crop species worldwide. However, little information on  HM  genes is in Gramineae species.    Results  Here, we identified 245  TaHMs , 72  HvHMs , 84  SbHMs , 93  SvHMs , 90  SiHMs , and 90  ZmHMs  in the above six Gramineae species, respectively. Detailed information on their chromosome locations, conserved domains, phylogenetic trees, synteny, promoter elements, and gene structures were determined. Among the  HMs , most motifs were conserved, but several unique motifs were also identified. Our results also suggested that gene and genome duplications potentially impacted the evolution and expansion of  HMs  in wheat. The number of orthologous gene pairs between rice ( Oryza sativa ) and each Gramineae species was much greater than that between  Arabidopsis  and each Gramineae species, indicating that the dicotyledons shared common ancestors. Moreover, all identified  HM  gene pairs likely underwent purifying selection based on to their non-synonymous (Ka)/synonymous (Ks) nucleotide substitutions. Using published transcriptome data, changes in  TaHM  gene expression in developing wheat grains treated with brassinosteroid, brassinazole, or activated charcoal were investigated. In addition, the transcription models of  ZmHMs  in developing maize seeds and after gibberellin treatment were also identified. We also examined plant stress responses and found that heat, drought, salt, insect feeding, nitrogen, and cadmium stress influenced many  TaHMs , and drought altered the expression of several  ZmHMs . Thus, these findings indicate their important functions in plant growth and stress adaptations.    Conclusions  Based on a comprehensive analysis of Gramineae  HMs , we found that  TaHMs  play potential roles in grain development, brassinosteroid- and brassinazole-mediated root growth, activated charcoal-mediated root and leaf growth, and biotic and abiotic adaptations. Furthermore,  ZmHMs  likely participate in seed development, gibberellin-mediated leaf growth, and drought adaptation.    Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12870-021-03332-8.

Genome-wide identification of Gramineae histone modification genes and their potential roles in regulating wheat and maize growth and stress responses