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Background  The leaf is a determinate organ essential for photosynthesis, whose size and shape determine plant architecture and strongly affect agronomic traits. In soybean, the molecular mechanism of leaf development is not well understood. The flowering repressor gene  E1 , which encodes a legume-specific B3-like protein, is known to be the gene with the largest influence on soybean flowering and maturity. However, knowledge of its potential other functions remains poor.    Results  Here, we identified a novel function of E1 protein in leaf development. Unifoliolate leaves of  E1- overexpression ( E1 - OE ) lines were smaller and curlier than those of wild type DongNong 50 (DN50) and Williams 82 (W82). Transverse histological sections showed disorganized cells and significantly elevated palisade tissue number, spongy tissue number, and bulliform cell number in  E1-OE  lines. Our results indicate that E1 binds to the promoters of the leaf- development-related  CINCINNATA  ( CIN )- like TEOSINTE BRANCHED1 / CYCLOIDEA / PROLIFERATING CELL FACTOR  ( TCP ) transcription factor genes to negatively regulate their expression.    Conclusions  Our findings identify E1 as an important new factor in soybean leaf development.    Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12870-021-03301-1.

The legume-specific transcription factor E1 controls leaf morphology in soybean