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Background   C. panzhihuaensis  is more tolerant to freezing than  C. bifida  but the mechanisms underlying the different freezing tolerance are unclear. Photosynthesis is one of the most temperature-sensitive processes. Lipids play important roles in membrane structure, signal transduction and energy storage, which are closely related to the stress responses of plants. In this study, the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and lipid profiles of the two species were characterized to explore the changes in photosynthetic activity and lipid metabolism following low-temperature exposure and subsequent recovery.    Results  Photosynthetic activity significantly decreased in  C. bifida  with the decrease of temperatures and reached zero after recovery. Photosynthetic activity, however, was little affected in  C. panzhihuaensis . The lipid composition of  C. bifida  was more affected by cold and freezing treatments than  C. panzhihuaensis . Compared with the control, the proportions of all the lipid categories recovered to the original level in  C. panzhihuaensis,  but the proportions of most lipid categories changed significantly in  C. bifida  after 3 d of recovery. In particular, the glycerophospholipids and prenol lipids degraded severely during the recovery period of  C. bifida . Changes in acyl chain length and double bond index (DBI) occurred in more lipid classes immediately after low-temperature exposure in  C. panzhihuaensis  compare with those in  C. bifida . DBI of the total main membrane lipids of  C. panzhihuaensis  was significantly higher than that of  C. bifida  following all temperature treatments.    Conclusions  The results of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters confirmed that the freezing tolerance of  C. panzhihuaensis  was greater than that of  C. bifida . The lipid metabolism of the two species had differential responses to low temperatures. The homeostasis and plastic adjustment of lipid metabolism and the higher level of DBI of the main membrane lipids may contribute to the greater tolerance of  C. panzhihuaensis  to low temperatures.    Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12870-021-03158-4.

Differences in lipid homeostasis and membrane lipid unsaturation confer differential tolerance to low temperatures in two Cycas species