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Background  Pesticide residue and its poor utilization remains problematic in agricultural development. To address the issue, a nano-pesticide has been developed by incorporating pesticide acetamiprid in porous silica nanoparticles.    Results  This nano-pesticide had an acetamiprid loading content of 354.01 mg g −1 . Testing LC 50  value against tea aphids of the commercial preparation was three times that of the nano-pesticide. In tea seedlings ( Camellia sinensis  L.), acetamiprid was transported upward from the stem to the young leaves. On day 30, the average retained concentrations in tea leaves treated with the commercial preparation were about 1.3 times of that in the nano-pesticide preparation. The residual concentrations of dimethyl-acetamiprid in leaves for plants treated with the commercial preparation were about 1.1 times of that in the nano-pesticide preparation. Untargeted metabolomics of by LC–MS on the young leaves of tea seedlings under nano-pesticide and commercial pesticide treatments showed significant numbers of differentially expressed metabolites ( P  < 0.05 and VIP > 1). Between the nano-pesticide treatment group and the commercial preparation treatment group there were 196 differentially expressed metabolites 2 h after treatment, 200 (7 th  day), 207 (21 st  day), and 201 (30 th  day) in negative ion mode, and 294 (2 nd  h), 356 (7 th  day), and 286 (30 th  day) in positive ion mode. Preliminary identification showed that the major differentially expressed metabolites were glutamic acid, salicylic acid,  p -coumaric acid, ribonic acid, glutamine, naringenin diglucoside, sanguiin H4, PG (34:2) and epiafzelechin.    Conclusions  This work demonstrated that our nano-pesticide outperformed the conventional pesticide acetamiprid in terms of insecticidal activity and pesticide residue, and the absorption, transportation and metabolism of nano-pesticide in tea plant were different, which pave a new pathway for pest control in agricultural sector.    Graphical abstractSupplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12870-021-03120-4.

Delivery of acetamiprid to tea leaves enabled by porous silica nanoparticles: efficiency, distribution and metabolism of acetamiprid in tea plants