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Background  Studies have indicated that graphene oxide (GO) could regulated  Brassica napus  L. root growth via abscisic acid (ABA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). To study the mechanism and interaction between GO and IAA further,  B. napus  L (Zhongshuang No. 9) seedlings were treated with GO and IAA accordance with a two factor completely randomized design.    Results  GO and IAA cotreatment significantly regulated the root length, number of adventitious roots, and contents of IAA, cytokinin (CTK) and ABA. Treatment with 25 mg/L GO alone or IAA (> 0.5 mg/L) inhibited root development. IAA cotreatment enhanced the inhibitory role of GO, and the inhibition was strengthened with increased in IAA concentration. GO treatments caused oxidative stress in the plants. The ABA and CTK contents decreased; however, the IAA and gibberellin (GA) contents first increased but then decreased with increasing IAA concentration when IAA was combined with GO compared with GO alone. The  9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase  ( NCED ) transcript level strongly increased when the plants were treated with GO. However, the  NCED  transcript level and ABA concentration gradually decreased with increasing IAA concentration under GO and IAA cotreatment. GO treatments decreased the transcript abundance of  steroid 5-alpha-reductase  (DET2) and  isochorismate synthase  1 (ICS), which are associated with brassinolide (BR) and salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis, but increased the transcript abundance of  brassinosteroid insensitive 1-associated receptor kinase  1 (BAK1),  cam-binding protein 60-like G  (CBP60) and  calmodulin binding protein-like protein  1, which are associated with BR and SA biosynthesis.  Last, GO treatment increased the transcript abundance of  1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase 2  (ACS2), which is associated with the ethylene (ETH) pathway.    Conclusions  Treatment with 25 mg/L GO or IAA (> 0.5 mg/L) inhibited root development. However, IAA and GO cotreatment enhanced the inhibitory role of GO, and this inhibition was strengthened with increased IAA concentration. IAA is a key factor in the response of  B. napus  L to GO and the responses of  B. napus  to GO and IAA cotreatment involved in multiple pathways, including those involving ABA, IAA, GA, CTK, BR, SA. Specifically, GO and IAA cotreatment affected the GA content in the modulation of  B. napus  root growth.

Graphene oxide and indole-3-acetic acid cotreatment regulates the root growth of Brassica napus L. via multiple phytohormone pathways