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Background  Many studies in  Arabidopsis  and rice have demonstrated that HD-Zip transcription factors play important roles in plant development and responses to abiotic stresses. Although common wheat ( Triticum aestivum  L.) is one of the most widely cultivated and consumed food crops in the world, the function of the HD-Zip proteins in wheat is still largely unknown.    Results  To explore the potential biological functions of  HD-Zip  genes in wheat, we performed a bioinformatics and gene expression analysis of the HD-Zip family. We identified 113 HD-Zip members from wheat and classified them into four subfamilies (I-IV) based on phylogenic analysis against proteins from  Arabidopsis , rice, and maize. Most  HD-Zip  genes are represented by two to three homeoalleles in wheat, which are named as  TaHDZX_ZA ,  TaHDZX_ZB , or  TaHDZX_ZD , where X denotes the gene number and Z the wheat chromosome on which it is located.  TaHDZs  in the same subfamily have similar protein motifs and intron/exon structures. The expression profiles of  TaHDZ  genes were analysed in different tissues, at different stages of vegetative growth, during seed development, and under drought stress. We found that most  TaHDZ  genes, especially those in subfamilies I and II, were induced by drought stress, suggesting the potential importance of subfamily I and II  TaHDZ  members in the responses to abiotic stress. Compared with wild-type (WT) plants, transgenic  Arabidopsis  plants overexpressing  TaHDZ5-6A  displayed enhanced drought tolerance, lower water loss rates, higher survival rates, and higher proline content under drought conditions. Additionally, the transcriptome analysis identified a number of differentially expressed genes between  35S::TaHDZ5-6A  transgenic and wild-type plants, many of which are involved in stress response.    Conclusions  Our results will facilitate further functional analysis of wheat  HD-Zip  genes, and also indicate that  TaHDZ5-6A  may participate in regulating the plant response to drought stress. Our experiments show that  TaHDZ5-6A  holds great potential for genetic improvement of abiotic stress tolerance in crops.

Characterization of wheat homeodomain-leucine zipper family genes and functional analysis of TaHDZ5-6A in drought tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis