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Background  Gender and fertility variation have an impact on mating dynamics in a population because they affect the gene exchange among parental members and the genetic composition of the resultant seed crops. Fertility is the proportional gametic contribution of parents to their progeny. An effective number of parents, derivative of effective population size, is the probability that two alleles randomly chosen from the gamete gene pool originated from the same parent. The effective number of parents is directly related to the fertility variation among parents, which should be monitored for manipulating gene diversity of seed crops. We formulated a fundamental equation of estimating the effective number of parents and applied it to a seed production population.    Results  Effective number of parents ( N   p  ) was derived from fertility variation (Ψ) considering covariance (correlation coefficient,  r ) between maternal and paternal fertility. The Ψ was calculated from the coefficient of variation in reproductive outputs and divided into female (ψ  f  ) and male (ψ  m  ) fertility variation in the population under study. The  N   p   was estimated from the parental Ψ estimated by the fertility variation of maternal (ψ  f  ) and paternal (ψ  m  ) parents. The gene diversity of seed crops was monitored by Ψ and  N   p  . in a 1.5 generation  Pinus koraiensis  seed orchard as a case of monoecious species. A large variation of female and male strobili production was observed among the studied 52 parents over four consecutive years, showing statistically significant differences across all studied years. Parental balance curve showed greater distortion in paternal than maternal parents. The Ψ ranged from 1.879 to 4.035 with greater ψ  m   than ψ  f  , and the  N   p   varied from 14.8 to 36.8. When pooled, the relative effective number of parents was improved as 80.0% of the census number.    Conclusions  We recommend the use of fertility variation (i.e.,  CV , Ψ), Person’s product-moment correlation ( r ), and effective number of parents ( N   p  ) as tools for gauging gene diversity of seed crops in production populations. For increasing  N   p   and gene diversity, additional management options such as mixing seed-lots, equal cone harvest and application of supplemental-mass-pollination are recommended.

Gender, reproductive output covariation and their role on gene diversity of Pinus koraiensis seed orchard crops