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Background   Fusarium  wilt, caused by  Fusarium oxysporum  f. sp.  cucumerinum  (Foc), is a severe disease affecting cucumber ( Cucumis sativus  L.) production worldwide, but mechanisms underlying  Fusarium  wilt resistance in cucumber remain unknown. To better understand of the defense mechanisms elicited in response to Foc inoculation, RNA sequencing-based transcriptomic profiling of responses of the  Fusarium  wilt-resistant cucumber line ‘Rijiecheng’ at 0, 24, 48, 96, and 192 h after Foc inoculation was performed.    Results  We identified 4116 genes that were differentially expressed between 0 h and other time points after inoculation. All ethylene-related and pathogenesis-related genes from the differentially expressed genes were filtered out. Real-time PCR analysis showed that ethylene-related genes were induced in response to Foc infection. Importantly, after Foc infection and exogenous application of ethephon, a donor of ethylene, the ethylene-related genes were highly expressed. In response to exogenous ethephon treatment in conjunction with Foc inoculation, the infection resistance of cucumber seedlings was enhanced and endogenous ethylene biosynthesis increased dramatically.    Conclusion  Collectively, ethylene signaling pathways play a positive role in regulating the defense response of cucumber to Foc infection. The results provide insight into the cucumber  Fusarium  wilt defense mechanisms and provide valuable information for breeding new cucumber cultivars with enhanced  Fusarium  wilt tolerance.

Transcriptome analysis reveals ethylene-mediated defense responses to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum infection in Cucumis sativus L.