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Background  Threshability, rachis fragility and spike shape are critical traits for the domestication and evolution of wheat, determining the crop yield and efficiency of the harvest. Spelt factor gene  Q  controls a wide range of domestication-related traits in polyploid wheats, including those mentioned above. The main goal of the present study was to characterise the  Q  gene for uninvestigated accessions of wheats, including four endemics, and  Aegilops  accessions, and to analyze the species evolution based on differences in  Q  gene sequences.    Results  We have studied the spike morphology for 15 accessions of wheat species, including four endemics, namely  Triticum macha ,  T. tibetanum ,  T. aestivum  ssp.  petropavlovskyi  and  T. spelta  ssp.  yunnanense , and 24  Aegilops  accessions, which are donors of B and D genomes for polyploid wheat. The  Q-5A ,  q-5D  and  q-5S  genes were investigated, and a novel allele of the  Q-5A  gene was found in accessions of  T. tibetanum  (KU510 and KU515). This allele was similar to the  Q  allele of  T. aestivum  cv. Chinese Spring but had an insertion 161 bp in length within exon 5. This insertion led to a frameshift and premature stop codon formation. Thus, the  T. tibetanum  have spelt spikes, which is probably determined by the gene  Tg , rather than  Q.  We determined the variability within the  q-5D  genes among hexaploid wheat and their D genome donor  Aegilops tauschii.  Moreover, we studied the accessions C21–5129, KU-2074, and K-1100 of  Ae. tauschii  ssp.  strangulata , which could be involved in the origin of hexaploid wheats.    Conclusions  The variability and phylogenetic relationships of the  Q  gene sequences studied allowed us to clarify the relationships between species of the genus  Triticum  and to predict the donor of the D genome among the  Ae. tauschii  accessions.  Ae. tauschii  ssp.  strangulata  accessions C21–5129, KU-2074 and K-1100 are the most interesting among the analysed accessions, since their partial sequence of  q-5D  is identical to the  q-5D  of  T. aestivum  cv. Chinese Spring. This result indicates that the donor is  Ae. tauschii  ssp.  strangulata  but not  Ae. tauschii  ssp . tauschii.  Our analysis allowed us to clarify the phylogenetic relationships in the genus  Triticum .

Genetic variability of spelt factor gene in Triticum and Aegilops species