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Background  This study aimed to assess whether licorice ( Glycyrrhiza uralensis ) can benefit from dual inoculation by  Trichoderma viride  and dark septate endophytes (DSE) isolated from other medicinal plants.    Methods  First, we isolated and identified three DSE ( Paraboeremia putaminum ,  Scytalidium lignicola , and  Phoma herbarum ) and  Trichoderma viride  from medicinal plants growing in farmland of China. Second, we investigated the influences of these three DSE on the performance of licorice at different  T. viride  densities (1 × 10 6 , 1 × 10 7 , and 1 × 10 8  CFU/mL) under sterilised condition in a growth chamber.    Results  Three DSE strains could colonize the roots of licorice, and they established a positive symbiosis with host plants depending on DSE species and  T. viride  densities. Inoculation of  P. putaminum  increased the root biomass, length, surface area, and root:shoot ratio.  S. lignicola  increased the root length, diameter and surface area and decreased the root:shoot ratio.  P. herbarum  increased the root biomass and surface area.  T. viride  increased the root biomass, length, and surface area. Structural equation model (SEM) analysis showed that DSE associated with  T. viride  augmented plant biomass and height, shoot branching, and root surface area. Variations in root morphology and biomass were attributed to differences in DSE species and  T. viride  density among treatments.  P. putaminum  or  P. herbarum  with low- or medium  T. viride  density and  S. lignicola  with low- or high  T. viride  density improved licorice root morphology and biomass.    Conclusions  DSE isolated from other medicinal plants enhanced the root growth of licorice plants under different densities  T. viride  conditions and may also be used to promote the cultivation of medicinal plants.

Plant performance of enhancing licorice with dual inoculating dark septate endophytes and Trichoderma viride mediated via effects on root development