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Background  The interactions between Growth-regulating factors (GRFs) and GRF-Interacting Factors (GIFs) have been well demonstrated but it remains unclear whether different combinations of GRF and GIF play distinctive roles in the pathway downstream of the complex.    Results  Here we showed that  OsGRF1  and  OsGIF1  synergistically regulate leaf growth in rice. The expression of  OsGIF1  emerged in all tissues with much higher level while that of  OsGRF1  appeared preferentially only in the stem tips containing shoot apical meristem (SAM) and younger leaves containing leaf primordium. Overexpression of an OsmiR396-resistant version of  mOsGRF1  resulted in expanded leaves due to increased cell proliferation while knockdown of  OsGRF1  displayed an opposite phenotype. Overexpression of  OsGIF1  did not exhibit new phenotype while knockdown lines displayed pleiotropic growth defects including shrunken leaves. The crossed lines of  mOsGRF1  overexpression and  OsGIF1  knockdown still exhibited shrunk leaves, indicating that  OsGIF1  is indispensable in leaf growth regulated by  OsGRF1 . The expression of  OsGRF1  could be upregulated by gibberellins (GAs) and downregulated by various stresses while that of  OsGIF1  could not.    Conclusion  Our results suggest that  OsGIF1  is in an excessive expression in various tissues and play roles in various aspects of growth while  OsGRF1  may specifically involve in leaf growth through titrating  OsGIF1.  Both internal and external conditions impacting leaf growth are likely via way of regulating the expression of  OsGRF1 .

Coordination between GROWTH-REGULATING FACTOR1 and GRF-INTERACTING FACTOR1 plays a key role in regulating leaf growth in rice