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Background  Water availability and nutrient-status of soils play crucial roles in seedling establishment and plant survival in coal-spoiled areas worldwide. Restoration of spoils pertains to the application of proper doses of nutrients and water, and selection of particular plant species for efficient revegetation. This study aimed at examining the potential effects of different combinations of soil-water and fertilizers (nitrogen, N and phosphorus, P) on morpho-physiological and biochemical attributes of  Amorpha fruticosa  grown in coal-mined spoils. Three factors five-level central-composite-design with optimization technique response surface methodology (rsm) was used to optimize water irrigation and fertilizer application strategies.    Results  Our results revealed a strong correlation between experimental data and predicted values developed from the rsm model. The best responses of  A. fruticosa  in terms of plant height, stem diameter, root length, and dry biomass were observed under a high-water regime. Low-water regime caused a notable reduction in growth-associated parameters, and fertilization with either N or P did not show positive effects on those parameters, indicating that soil-water was the most influential factor for growth performance. Leaf water potential, gas-exchange parameters, and chlorophyll content significantly increased under high levels of soil-water, N and P, suggesting a synergistic effect of these factors for the improvement of photosynthesis-related parameters. At low soil-water contents and N-P fertilizer application levels, enhanced accumulation of malondialdehyde and proline indicated that  A. fruticosa  suffered from oxidative and osmotic stresses.  Amorpha fruticosa  also responded to oxidative stress by accelerating the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase. The effects of both fertilizers relied on soil-water, and fertilization was most effective under well-watered conditions. The maximum growth of  A. fruticosa  was observed under the combination of soil-water, N-dose and P-dose at 76% field capacity, 52.0 mg kg − 1  and 49.0 mg kg − 1 , respectively.    Conclusion  Our results demonstrate that rsm effectively designed appropriate doses of water and N-P fertilizer to restore coal-spoiled soils. Furthermore,  A. fruticosa  responded to low-water and fertilizer-shortage by upregulating defensive mechanism to avoid damage induced by such deficiencies. Finally, our findings provide effective strategies for revegetation of coal-contaminated spoils with  A. fruticosa  using appropriate doses of water and N-P fertilizers.

bmc plant biology

Improvement of growth performance of Amorpha fruticosa under contrasting regime of water and fertilizer in coal-contaminated spoils using response surface methodology