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Background  Flower development and sufficient fruit set are important parameters with respect to walnut yield. Knowledge about flowering genes of fruit trees can help to conduct better molecular breeding programs. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the expression pattern of some flowering genes ( FT ,  SOC1 ,  CAL ,  LFY  and  TFL1 ) in Persian walnut (cv. Chandler) during the growing season and winter dormancy.    Results  The results showed that walnut flower induction and initiation in Shahmirzad, Iran occurred in early June and late September, respectively. After meeting chilling and heat requirement, flower differentiation and anthesis occurred in late-March and mid-April to early-May, respectively. Study of flowering gene expression showed that the expression of the  FT  gene increased in three stages including before breaking of bud dormancy, from late March to late April (coincided with flower differentiation and anthesis) and from late May to mid-June (coincided with flower induction). Like  FT , the expression of  SOC1  gene increased during flower induction and initiation (mid-May to early-August) as well as flower anthesis (mid-April to early-May).  LFY  and  CAL  genes as floral meristem identity genes are activated by  FT  and  SOC1  genes. In contrast with flowering stimulus genes,  TFL1  showed overexpression during winter dormancy which prevented flowering.    Conclusion  The expression of  FT  gene activated downstream floral meristem identity genes including  SOC1 ,  CAL  and  LFY  which consequently led to release bud dormancy as well as flower anthesis and induction. Also,  TFL1  as a flowering inhibitor gene in walnut showed overexpression during the bud dormancy. Chilling accumulation reduced  TFL1  gene expression and increased the expression of flowering genes which ultimately led to overcome dormancy.

Flowering in Persian walnut: patterns of gene expression during flower development