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Background  A family of genes designated as the Zinc finger A20/AN1 Transcription factors encoding stress-associated proteins ( SAP ) are well described in  Arabidopsis  and rice, and include 14  AtSAP  and 18  OsSAP  genes that are associated with variable tolerances to multiple abiotic stresses. The  SAP  gene family displays a great diversity in its structure and across different plant species. The aim of this study was to identify all  HvSAP  genes in barley ( Hordeum vulgare  L.), to analyse the expression of selected genes in response to salinity in barley leaves and develop SNP marker for  HvSAP12  to evaluate the association between genotypes of barley plants and their grain yield in field trials.    Results  In our study, 17  HvSAP  genes were identified in barley, which were strongly homologous to rice genes. Five genes,  HvSAP5 ,  HvSAP6 ,  HvSAP11 ,  HvSAP12  and  HvSAP15 , were found to be highly expressed in leaves of barley plants in response to salt stress in hydroponics compared to controls, using both semi-quantitative RT-PCR and qPCR analyses. The Amplifluor-like SNP marker KATU-B30 was developed and used for  HvSAP12  genotyping. A strong association (R 2  = 0.85) was found between KATU-B30 and grain yield production per plant of 50 F 3  breeding lines originating from the cross Granal × Baisheshek in field trials with drought and low to moderate salinity in Northern and Central Kazakhstan.    Conclusions  A group of  HvSAP  genes, and  HvSAP12  in particular, play an important role in the tolerance of barley plants to salinity and drought, and is associated with higher grain yield in field trials. Marker-assisted selection with SNP marker KATU-B30 can be applied in barley breeding to improve grain yield production under conditions of abiotic stress.

bmc plant biology

Identification, gene expression and genetic polymorphism of zinc finger A20/AN1 stress-associated genes, HvSAP, in salt stressed barley from Kazakhstan