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Background  The  BAHD  acyltransferase superfamily exhibits various biological roles in plants, including regulating fruit quality, catalytic synthesizing of terpene, phenolics and esters, and improving stress resistance. However, the copy numbers, expression characteristics and associations with fruit aroma formation of the  BAHD  genes remain unclear.    Results  In total, 717  BAHD  genes were obtained from the genomes of seven Rosaceae, ( Pyrus bretschneideri ,  Malus domestica ,  Prunus avium ,  Prunus persica ,  Fragaria vesca ,  Pyrus communis  and  Rubus occidentalis ). Based on the detailed phylogenetic analysis and classifications in model plants, we divided the  BAHD  family genes into seven groups, I-a, I-b, II-a, II-b, III-a, IV and V. An inter-species synteny analysis revealed the ancient origin of  BAHD  superfamily with 78 syntenic gene pairs were detected among the seven Rosaceae species. Different types of gene duplication events jointly drive the expansion of  BAHD  superfamily, and purifying selection dominates the evolution of  BAHD  genes supported by the small Ka/Ks ratios. Based on the correlation analysis between the ester content and expression levels of  BAHD  genes at different developmental stages, four candidate genes were selected for verification as assessed by qRT-PCR. The result implied that  Pbr020016.1 ,  Pbr019034.1 ,  Pbr014028.1  and  Pbr029551.1  are important candidate genes involved in aroma formation during pear fruit development.    Conclusion  We have thoroughly identified the  BAHD  superfamily genes and performed a comprehensive comparative analysis of their phylogenetic relationships, expansion patterns, and expression characteristics in seven Rosaceae species, and we also obtained four candidate genes involved in aroma synthesis in pear fruit. These results provide a theoretical basis for future studies of the specific biological functions of  BAHD  superfamily members and the improvement of pear fruit quality.

Genome-wide comparative analysis of the BAHD superfamily in seven Rosaceae species and expression analysis in pear (Pyrus bretschneideri)