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Background  Plant genomes contain a large number of HAK/KUP/KT transporters, which play important roles in potassium uptake and translocation, osmotic potential regulation, salt tolerance, root morphogenesis and plant development. Potassium deficiency in the soil of a sugarcane planting area is serious. However, the  HAK/KUP/KT  gene family remains to be characterized in sugarcane ( Saccharum ).    Results  In this study, 30  HAK/KUP/KT  genes were identified in  Saccharum spontaneum . Phylogenetics, duplication events, gene structures and expression patterns were analyzed. Phylogenetic analysis of the  HAK/KUP/KT  genes from 15 representative plants showed that this gene family is divided into four groups (clades I-IV). Both ancient whole-genome duplication (WGD) and recent gene duplication contributed to the expansion of the  HAK/KUP/KT  gene family. Nonsynonymous to synonymous substitution ratio (Ka/Ks) analysis showed that purifying selection was the main force driving the evolution of  HAK/KUP/KT  genes. The divergence time of the  HAK/KUP/KT  gene family was estimated to range from 134.8 to 233.7 Mya based on Ks analysis, suggesting that it is an ancient gene family in plants. Gene structure analysis showed that the  HAK/KUP/KT  genes were accompanied by intron gain/loss in the process of evolution. RNA-seq data analysis demonstrated that the  HAK/KUP/KT  genes from clades II and III were mainly constitutively expressed in various tissues, while most genes from clades I and IV had no or very low expression in the tested tissues at different developmental stages. The expression of  SsHAK1  and  SsHAK21  was upregulated in response to low-K +  stress. Yeast functional complementation analysis revealed that  SsHAK1  and  SsHAK21  could rescue K +  uptake in a yeast mutant.    Conclusions  This study provided insights into the evolutionary history of  HAK/KUP/KT  genes.  HAK7/9/18  were mainly expressed in the upper photosynthetic zone and mature zone of the stem.  HAK7/9/18/25  were regulated by sunlight.  SsHAK1  and  SsHAK21  played important roles in mediating potassium acquisition under limited K +  supply. Our results provide valuable information and key candidate genes for further studies on the function of  HAK/KUP/KT  genes in  Saccharum .

bmc plant biology

Genome-wide systematic characterization of the HAK/KUP/KT gene family and its expression profile during plant growth and in response to low-K+ stress in Saccharum