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Background  Infestation of the phytotoxic aphid  Schizaphis graminum  can rapidly induce leaf chlorosis in susceptible plants, but this effect is not observed with the nonphytotoxic aphid  Sitobion avenae . However, few studies have attempted to identify the different defence responses induced in wheat by  S. graminum  and  S. avenae  feeding and the mechanisms underlying the activation of chlorosis by  S. graminum  feeding.    Results   S. graminum  feeding significantly reduced the chlorophyll content of wheat leaves, and these effects were not observed with  S. avenae . A transcriptomic analysis showed that the expression levels of genes involved in the salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and ethylene signalling defence pathways were significantly upregulated by both  S. avenae  and  S. graminum  feeding; however, more plant defence genes were activated by  S. graminum  feeding than  S. avenae  feeding. The transcript levels of genes encoding cell wall-modifying proteins were significantly increased after  S. graminum  feeding, but only a few of these genes were induced by  S. avenae . Furthermore, various  reactive oxygen species - scavenging gene s, such as 66  peroxidase  ( POD ) and 8  ascorbate peroxidase  ( APx ) genes, were significantly upregulated after  S. graminum  feeding, whereas only 15  POD  and one  APx  genes were induced by  S. avenae  feeding. The activity of four antioxidant enzymes was also significantly upregulated by  S. graminum  feeding. Cytological examination showed that  S. graminum  feeding induced substantial hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) accumulation in wheat leaves. The chlorosis symptoms and the loss of chlorophyll observed in wheat leaves after  S. graminum  feeding were reduced and inhibited by the scavenging of H 2 O 2  by dimethylthiourea, which indicated that H 2 O 2  plays important role in the induction of chlorosis by  S. graminum  feeding.    Conclusions   S. graminum  and  S. avenae  feeding induces the JA, SA and ET signalling pathways, but  S. graminum  activated stronger plant defence responses than  S. avenae .  S. graminum  feeding triggers strong  ROS - scavenging activity  and massive H 2 O 2  production in wheat leaves, and the accumulation of H 2 O 2  induced by  S. graminum  feeding is involved in the activation of chlorosis in wheat leaves. These results enhance our understanding of mechanisms underlying aphid-wheat interactions and provide clues for the development of aphid-resistant wheat varieties.

bmc plant biology

Comparative transcriptome and histological analyses of wheat in response to phytotoxic aphid Schizaphis graminum and non-phytotoxic aphid Sitobion avenae feeding