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Background  The heteroside floridoside is a primary photosynthetic product that is known to contribute to osmotic acclimation in almost all orders of Rhodophyta. However, the encoding genes and enzymes responsible for the synthesis of floridoside and its isomeric form,  l - or  d -isofloridoside, are poorly studied.    Results  Here, four putative trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS) genes, designated as  PhTPS1 ,  PhTPS2 ,  PhTPS3,  and  PhTPS4 , were cloned and characterized from the red alga  Pyropia haitanensis  (Bangiophyceae). The deduced amino acid sequence is similar to the annotated TPS proteins of other organisms, especially the UDP-galactose substrate binding sites of PhTPS1, 2, which are highly conserved. Of these, PhTPS1, 4 are involved in the biosynthesis of floridoside and isofloridoside, with isofloridoside being the main product. PhTPS3 is an isofloridoside phosphate synthase, while PhTPS2 exhibits no activity. When challenged by desiccation, high temperature, and salt stress, PhTPS members were expressed to different degrees, but the responses to thermal stress and desiccation were stronger.    Conclusions  Thus, in  P. haitanensis ,  PhTPS s encode the enzymatical activity of floridoside and isofloridoside phosphate synthase and are crucial for the abiotic stress defense response.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12870-019-1928-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

bmc plant biology

Putative trehalose biosynthesis proteins function as differential floridoside-6-phosphate synthases to participate in the abiotic stress response in the red alga Pyropia haitanensis