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Background  Aspartic protease (AP) is one of four large proteolytic enzyme families that are involved in plant growth and development. Little is known about the AP gene family in tree species, although it has been characterized in  Arabidopsis , rice and grape. The AP genes that are involved in tree wood formation remain to be determined.    Results  A total of 67 AP genes were identified in  Populus trichocarpa  (PtAP) and classified into three categories (A, B and C). Chromosome mapping analysis revealed that two-thirds of the  PtAP  genes were located in genome duplication blocks, indicating the expansion of the AP family by segmental duplications in  Populus . The microarray data from the  Populus  eFP browser demonstrated that  PtAP  genes had diversified tissue expression patterns. Semi-qRT-PCR analysis further determined that more than 10  PtAPs  were highly or preferentially expressed in the developing xylem. When the involvement of the  PtAPs  in wood formation became the focus, many SCW-related  cis -elements were found in the promoters of these  PtAPs . Based on  PtAP   promoter   ::GUS  techniques, the activities of  PtAP66  promoters were observed only in fiber cells, not in the vessels of stems as the xylem and leaf veins developed in the transgenic  Populus  tree, and strong GUS signals were detected in interfascicular fiber cells, roots, anthers and sepals of  PtAP17   promoter   ::GUS  transgenic plants. Intensive GUS activities in various secondary tissues implied that  PtAP66  and  PtAP17  could function in wood formation. In addition, most of the PtAP proteins were predicted to contain N- and (or) O-glycosylation sites, and the integration of PNGase F digestion and western blotting revealed that the PtAP17 and PtAP66 proteins were N-glycosylated in  Populus .    Conclusions  Comprehensive characterization of the  PtAP  genes suggests their functional diversity during  Populus  growth and development. Our findings provide an overall understanding of the AP gene family in trees and establish a better foundation to further describe the roles of  PtAPs  in wood formation.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12870-019-1865-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

bmc plant biology

Genome-wide characterization of aspartic protease (AP) gene family in Populus trichocarpa and identification of the potential PtAPs involved in wood formation