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Background  Chloroplast biogenesis, a complex process in higher plants, is the key to photoautotrophic growth in plants. White virescent ( wv ) mutants have been used to unfold the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of chloroplast development and chloroplast gene expression in plants. However, most of genes controlling white virescent phenotype still remain unknown.    Results  In this study, we identified a temperature- and light intensity-sensitive mutant, named as  wv . The content of chlorophyll was dramatically decreased in the immature leaves of  wv  mutant under the conditions of low temperature and high-light intensity. TEM observation showed that the chloroplasts in the young leaves of  wv  mutant lacked an organized thylakoid membrane, whereas crescent-shaped chloroplasts with well-developed stromal and stacked grana thylakoids in the mature leaves were developed. Immunoblot analyses suggested that proteins of photosynthetic complexes were decreased substantially in  wv  mutants. Based on map-based cloning and transgenic analysis, we determined that the  wv  phenotype was caused by single base mutation in the first intron of  WV  gene, which encoded a thioredoxin protein with 365 amino acids. qRT-PCR analysis revealed that the expression of  WV  gene was significantly down-regulated in  wv  mutant. In addition, knockdown of  WV  gene through RNAi also resulted in white virescent young leaves, suggesting that the mutation possibly blocks the differentiation of chloroplasts through inhibiting the expression of  WV  gene. Furthermore, the expression of  WV  peaked in apical buds and gradually decreased along with the developmental stage, which was consistent with the  wv  mutant phenotype. Expression analysis of chloroplast-encoded genes by qRT-PCR showed that the  wv  mutation affected the expression pattern of chloroplast-encoded PEP dependent genes.    Conclusion  Our results suggested that  wv  mutant was sensitive to low temperature and light intensity.  WV  gene was essential for chloroplast differentiation. A single base mutation in the first intron resulted in down-regulation of  WV  gene expression, which inhibited the expression of chloroplast-encoded genes, thereby blocking chloroplast formation and chlorophyll synthesis.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12870-019-1829-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The tomato WV gene encoding a thioredoxin protein is essential for chloroplast development at low temperature and high light intensity