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Background  Adaptation to drought-prone environments requires robust root architecture. Genotypes with a more vigorous root system have the potential to better adapt to soils with limited moisture content. However, root architecture is complex at both, phenotypic and genetic level. Customized mapping panels in combination with efficient screenings methods can resolve the underlying genetic factors of root traits.    Results  A mapping panel of 233 spring barley genotypes was evaluated for root and shoot architecture traits under non-stress and osmotic stress. A genome-wide association study elucidated 65 involved genomic regions. Among them were 34 root-specific loci, eleven hotspots with associations to up to eight traits and twelve stress-specific loci. A list of candidate genes was established based on educated guess. Selected genes were tested for associated polymorphisms. By this, 14 genes were identified as promising candidates, ten remained suggestive and 15 were rejected. The data support the important role of flowering time genes, including  HvPpd-H1 ,  HvCry2 ,  HvCO4  and  HvPRR73 . Moreover, seven root-related genes,  HERK2, HvARF04, HvEXPB1, PIN5, PIN7, PME5  and  WOX5  are confirmed as promising candidates. For the QTL with the highest allelic effect for root thickness and plant biomass a homologue of the Arabidopsis  Trx-m3  was revealed as the most promising candidate.    Conclusions  This study provides a catalogue of hotspots for seedling growth, root and stress-specific genomic regions along with candidate genes for future potential incorporation in breeding attempts for enhanced yield potential, particularly in drought-prone environments. Root architecture is under polygenic control. The co-localization of well-known major genes for barley development and flowering time with QTL hotspots highlights their importance for seedling growth. Association analysis revealed the involvement of  HvPpd-H1  in the development of the root system. The co-localization of root QTL with  HERK2, HvARF04, HvEXPB1, PIN5, PIN7, PME5 and WOX5  represents a starting point to explore the roles of these genes in barley .  Accordingly, the genes  HvHOX2, HsfA2b, HvHAK2,  and  Dhn9,  known to be involved in abiotic stress response, were located within stress-specific QTL regions and await future validation.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12870-019-1828-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

bmc plant biology

Genome-wide association mapping in a diverse spring barley collection reveals the presence of QTL hotspots and candidate genes for root and shoot architecture traits at seedling stage