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Background  The  Agrobacterium -mediated transient transformation is a versatile and indispensable way of rapid analyzing gene function in plants. Despite this transient expression system has been successfully applied in a number of plant species, it is poorly developed in  Caragana intermedia .    Results  In this study, we established an  Agrobacterium -mediated transient expression system in  C. intermedia  leaves and optimized the effect of different  Agrobacterial  strains, several surfactants and the concentration of Silwet L-77, which would affect transient expression efficiency. Among the 5  Agrobacterial  strains examined, GV3101 produced the highest  GUS  expression level. Besides, higher level of transient expression was observed in plants infiltrated with Silwet L-77 than with Triton X-100 or Tween-20. Silwet L-77 at a concentration of 0.001% greatly improved the level of GUS transient expression. Real-time PCR showed that expression of  CiDREB1C  was highly up-regulated in transiently expressed plants and reached the highest level at the 2nd day after infiltration. Based on this optimized transient transformation method, we characterized  CiDREB1C  function in response to drought, salt and ABA treatment. The results showed that transiently expressed  CiDREB1C  in  C. intermedia  leaves could enhance the survival rate and chlorophyll content, and reduce the lodging rate compared with the control seedlings under drought, salt and ABA treatments. Furthermore, the rate of leaf shedding of  CiDREB1C  transient expression seedlings was lower than that of the control under ABA treatment.    Conclusions  The optimized transient expression condition in  C. intermedia  leaves were infiltrated with  Agrobacterial  strains GV3101 plus Silwet L-77 at a concentration of 0.001% added into the infiltration medium. Transiently expressed  CiDREB1C  enhanced drought, salt and ABA stress tolerance, indicated that it was a suitable and effective tool to determine gene function involved in abiotic stress response in  C. intermedia .    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12870-019-1800-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Development of Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression system in Caragana intermedia and characterization of CiDREB1C in stress response