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Background  Nutrition with ammonium (NH 4  + ) can enhance the drought tolerance of rice seedlings in comparison to nutrition with nitrate (NO 3  − ). However, there are still no detailed studies investigating the response of nitric oxide (NO) to the different nitrogen nutrition and water regimes. To study the intrinsic mechanism underpinning this relationship, the time-dependent production of NO and its protective role in the antioxidant defense system of NH 4  + - or NO 3  − -supplied rice seedlings were studied under water stress.    Results  An early NO burst was induced by 3 h of water stress in the roots of seedlings subjected to NH 4  +  treatment, but this phenomenon was not observed under NO 3  −  treatment. Root oxidative damage induced by water stress was significantly higher for treatment with NO 3  −  than with NH 4  +  due to reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in the former. Inducing NO production by applying the NO donor 3 h after NO 3  −  treatment alleviated the oxidative damage, while inhibiting the early NO burst by applying the NO scavenger 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (c-PTIO) increased root oxidative damage in NH 4  +  treatment. Application of the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor N(G)-nitro- L -arginine methyl ester(L-NAME) completely suppressed NO synthesis in roots 3 h after NH 4  +  treatment and aggravated water stress-induced oxidative damage. Therefore, the aggravation of oxidative damage by L-NAME might have resulted from changes in the NOS-mediated early NO burst. Water stress also increased the activity of root antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, and ascorbate peroxidase). These were further induced by the NO donor but repressed by the NO scavenger and NOS inhibitor in NH 4  + -treated roots.    Conclusion  These findings demonstrate that the NOS-mediated early NO burst plays an important role in alleviating oxidative damage induced by water stress by enhancing the antioxidant defenses in roots supplemented with NH 4  + .    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12870-019-1721-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Nitric oxide synthase-mediated early nitric oxide burst alleviates water stress-induced oxidative damage in ammonium-supplied rice roots