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Background  Polyploidization is a common event in the evolutionary history of angiosperms, and there will be some changes in the genomes of plants other than a simple genomic doubling after polyploidization. Allotetraploid  Brassica napus  and its diploid progenitors ( B. rapa  and  B. oleracea ) are a good group for studying the problems associated with polyploidization. On the other hand, the  EIN3/EIL  gene family is an important gene family in plants, all members of which are key genes in the ethylene signaling pathway. Until now, the  EIN3/EIL  gene family in  B. napus  and its diploid progenitors have been largely unknown, so it is necessary to comprehensively identify and analyze this gene family.    Results  In this study, 13, 7 and 7  EIN3/EIL  genes were identified in  B. napus  (2n = 4x = 38, A n C n ),  B. rapa  (2n = 2x = 20, A r ) and  B. oleracea  (2n = 2x = 18, C o ). All of the identified EIN3/EIL proteins were divided into 3 clades and further divided into 8 sub-clades. Ka/Ks analysis showed that all identified  EIN3/EIL  genes underwent purifying selection after the duplication events. Moreover, gene structure analysis showed that some  EIN3/EIL  genes in  B. napus  acquired introns during polyploidization, and homolog expression bias analysis showed that  B. napus  was biased towards its diploid progenitor  B. rapa . The promoters of the  EIN3/EIL  genes in  B. napus  contained more  cis -acting elements, which were mainly involved in endosperm gene expression and light responsiveness, than its diploid progenitors. Thus,  B. napus  might have potential advantages in some biological aspects.    Conclusions  The results indicated allotetraploid  B. napus  might have potential advantages in some biological aspects. Moreover, our results can increase the understanding of the evolution of the  EIN3/EIL  gene family in  B. napus , and provided more reference for future research about polyploidization.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12870-019-1716-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

bmc plant biology

Genome-wide identification and analysis of the EIN3/EIL gene family in allotetraploid Brassica napus reveal its potential advantages during polyploidization