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Background  Maturation of litchi ( Litchi chinensis ) fruit is characterized by dramatic changes in pigments in the pericarp and flavor compounds in the aril. Among them, the biosynthesis of anthocyanins is most noticeable. Previous studies showed that LcMYB1 and LcbHLH transcription factors participated in regulating the anthocyanin biosynthesis in litchi. However, the roles of other MYB factors remain unclear.    Results  In this study, we cloned and characterized the function of  LcMYB5 , a novel R2R3-MYB identified from litchi transcriptome. Although  LcMYB5  was constitutively expressed in litchi tissues and its expressions was not correlated with tissue coloration, overexpression of  LcMYB5  resulted in enhanced biosynthesis of anthocyanins in tobacco and petunia concurrent with the up-regulation of their endogenous  bHLHs  and key structural genes in anthocyanin precursor biosynthesis. These results indicate that LcMYB5 is an R2R3 transcriptional factor regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis either by directly activating the expression of key structural genes such as  DFR  or by indirectly up regulating the expressions of endogenous  bHLH  regulators. More interestingly, the pH values in petals and leaves from transgenic lines were significant lower than those in both untransformed tobacco and petunia, indicating LcMYB5 is also associated with pH regulation. The expressions of  LcMYB5  and its bHLH partner  LcbHLH1  were consistent with the expression of putative tissue acidification gene  LcPH1 , and the changes in malic acid provided further evidence for the close relationship between LcMYB5 and tissue acidification.    Conclusions  Taking together, our study indicated that LcMYB5 is involved in not only anthocyanin biosynthesis but also tissue acidification.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12870-019-1658-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Characterization of a novel litchi R2R3-MYB transcription factor that involves in anthocyanin biosynthesis and tissue acidification