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Background  Plant glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) catalyzes the reduction of dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) to produce glycerol-3-phosphate (G-3-P), and plays a key role in glycerolipid metabolism as well as stress responses.    Results  In this study, we report the cloning, enzymatic and physiological characterization of a cytosolic NAD + -dependent GPDH from maize. The prokaryotic expression of  ZmGPDH1  in  E.coli  showed that the enzyme encoded by  ZmGPDH1  was capable of catalyzing the reduction of DHAP in the presence of NADH. The functional complementation analysis revealed that  ZmGPDH1  was able to restore the production of glycerol-3-phosphate and glycerol in  AtGPDHc -deficient mutants. Furthermore, overexpression of  ZmGPDH1  remarkably enhanced the tolerance of  Arabidopsis  to salinity/osmotic stress by enhancing the glycerol production, the antioxidant enzymes activities (SOD, CAT, APX) and by maintaining the cellular redox homeostasis (NADH/NAD + , ASA/DHA, GSH/GSSG).  ZmGPDH1  OE  Arabidopsis  plants also exhibited reduced leaf water loss and stomatal aperture under salt and osmotic stresses. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR analyses revealed that overexpression of  ZmGPDH1  promoted the transcripts accumulation of genes involved in cellular redox homeostasis and ROS-scavenging system.    Conclusions  Together, these data suggested that  ZmGPDH1  is involved in conferring salinity and osmotic tolerance in  Arabidopsis  through modulation of glycerol synthesis, stomatal closure, cellular redox and ROS homeostasis.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12870-018-1597-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

A cytosolic NAD+-dependent GPDH from maize (ZmGPDH1) is involved in conferring salt and osmotic stress tolerance