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Background  The precise identification of Winterness/Springness (growth habit) for bread wheat, which is determined by genes involved in vernalization and photoperiod, will contribute to the effective utilization of bread wheat varieties. Here, 198 varieties from the Yellow and Huai wheat production region (YHW) in China were collected to identify their vernalization ( Vrn-1 ) and photoperiod ( Ppd-1 ) gene composition via a series of functional markers and their association with vernalization and photoperiod requirements at three locations during two years of experiments. The growth habits were measured during the spring sowing season.    Results  The results showed that the semi-winter varieties (grades1–4) were most prevalent in the population. The relative effects of single  Vrn  alleles on the growth period, such as heading date (HD) and/or flowering date (FD), were as follows:  Vrn-B1b  >  Vrn-B1a > Vrn-D1b  >  Vrn-D1a  >  vrn-D1  =  vrn-B1 . The interactive effects of  Vrn-B1  and  Vrn-D1  on HD and FD were identical to those of  Vrn-B1b . Approximately 35.3% of the cultivars carried  Ppd-B1a  (photoperiod-insensitive) and exhibited the earliest HD and FD. The  Ppd-D1a- insensitive allele ( Hapl II ) was carried by just 0.5% of the varieties; however, the other two sensitive alleles were present at a higher frequency, and their effects were slightly weaker than those of  Ppd-B1a . In addition, strong interactive effects between  Ppd-B1  and  Ppd-D1  were detected. In terms of mean values among various genotypes, the effects followed the order of  Vrn-1  >  Ppd-1 .    Conclusions  According to the results of ANOVA and least significant range (LSR) tests, we can conclude that  Vrn-1  rather than  Ppd-1  played a major role in controlling vernalization and photoperiod responses in this region. This research will be helpful for precisely characterizing and evaluating the HD, FD and even growth habit of varieties in the YHW at molecular levels.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12870-018-1587-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

bmc plant biology

Interactive effects of multiple vernalization (Vrn-1)- and photoperiod (Ppd-1)-related genes on the growth habit of bread wheat and their association with heading and flowering time