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Background  Nitrate (NO 3  − ) is the major source of nitrogen (N) for higher plants aside from its function in transducing the N signaling. Improving N use efficiency of crops has been an effective strategy for promotion of the sustainable agriculture worldwide. The regulatory pathways associating with N uptake and the corresponding biochemical processes impact largely on plant N starvation tolerance. Thus, exploration of the molecular mechanism underlying nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and the gene wealth will pave a way for molecular breeding of N starvation-tolerant crop cultivars.    Results  In the current study, we characterized the function of  TaNBP1 , a guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta gene of wheat ( T. aestivum ), in mediating the plant N starvation response. TaNBP1 protein harbors a conserved W40 domain and the TaNBP1-GFP (green fluorescence protein) signals concentrate at positions of cytoplasm membrane and cytosol.  TaNBP1  transcripts are induced in roots and leaves upon N starvation stress and that this upregulated expression is recovered by N recovery treatment.  TaNBP1  overexpression confers improved phenotype, enlarged root system architecture (RSA), and increased biomass for plants upon N deprivation relative to the wild type, associating with its role in enhancing N accumulation and improving reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis. Nitrate transporter (NRT) gene  NtNRT2.2  and antioxidant enzyme genes  NtSOD1 ,  NtSOD2 , and  NtCAT1  are transcriptionally regulated under  TaNBP1  and contribute to the improved N acquisition and the increased AE activities of plants.    Conclusions  Altogether,  TaNBP1  is transcriptional response to N starvation stress. Overexpression of this gene enhances plant N starvation adaptation via improvement of N uptake and cellular ROS homeostasis by modifying transcription of NRT gene  NtNRT2.2  and antioxidant enzyme genes  NtSOD1 ,  NtSOD2 , and  NtCAT1 , respectively. Our research helps to understand the mechanism underlying plant N starvation response and benefits to genetically engineer crop cultivars with improved NUE under the N-saving cultivation conditions.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12870-018-1374-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

bmc plant biology

TaNBP1, a guanine nucleotide-binding subunit gene of wheat, is essential in the regulation of N starvation adaptation via modulating N acquisition and ROS homeostasis