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Background  Rab proteins form the largest family of the Ras superfamily of small GTP-binding proteins and regulate intracellular trafficking pathways. However, the function of the Rab proteins in woody species is still an open question.    Results  Here, a total of 67  PtRabs  were identified in  Populus trichocarpa  and categorized into eight subfamilies (RabA-RabH). Based on their chromosomal distribution and duplication blocks in the  Populus  genome, a total of 27  PtRab  paralogous pairs were identified and all of them were generated by whole-genome duplication events. Combined the expression correlation and duplication date, the  PtRab  paralogous pairs that still keeping highly similar expression patterns were generated around the latest large-scale duplication (~ 13 MYA). The  cis -elements and co-expression network of unique expanded  PtRabs  suggest their potential roles in poplar development and environmental responses. Subcellular localization of PtRabs from each subfamily indicates each subfamily shows a localization pattern similar to what is revealed in  Arabidopsis  but RabC shows a localization different from their counterparts. Furthermore, we characterized  PtRabE1b  by overexpressing its constitutively active mutant PtRabE1b(Q74L) in poplar and found that PtRabE1b(Q74L) enhanced the salt tolerance.    Conclusions  These findings provide new insights into the functional divergence of  PtRabs  and resources for genetic engineering resistant breeding in tree species.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12870-018-1342-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Characterization of the Populus Rab family genes and the function of PtRabE1b in salt tolerance