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Background  The cuticle covers the surface of the polysaccharide cell wall of leaf epidermal cells and forms an essential diffusion barrier between the plant and the environment. The cuticle is composed of cutin and wax. Cuticular wax plays an important role in the survival of plants by serving as the interface between plants and their biotic and abiotic environments, especially restricting nonstomatal water loss. Leaf cuticular waxes of hexaploid wheat at the seedling stage mainly consist of primary alcohols, aldehydes, fatty acids, alkane and esters. Primary alcohols account for more than 80% of the total wax load. Therefore, we cloned several genes encoding fatty acyl-coenzyme A reductases from wheat and analyzed their function in yeast and plants. We propose the potential use of these genes in wheat genetic breeding.    Results  We reported the cloning and characterization of three  TaFARs,  namely  TaFAR6 ,  TaFAR7  and  TaFAR8 , encoding fatty acyl-coenzyme A reductases (FAR) in wheat leaf cuticle. Expression analysis revealed that  TaFAR6 ,  TaFAR7  and  TaFAR8  were expressed at the higher levels in the seedling leaf blades, and were expressed moderately or weakly in stamen, glumes, peduncle, flag leaf blade, sheath, spike, and pistil. The heterologous expression of three  TaFARs  in yeast ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae ) led to the production of C24:0 and C26:0 primary alcohols. Transgenic expression of the three  TaFARs  in tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum ) and rice ( Oryza sativa ) led to increased accumulation of C24:0–C30:0 primary alcohols. Transient expression of GFP protein-tagged TaFARs revealed that the three TaFAR proteins were localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the site of wax biosynthesis. The three  TaFAR  genes were transcriptionally induced by drought, cold, heat, powdery mildew ( Blumeria graminis ) infection, abscisic acid (ABA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJa) treatments.    Conclusions  These results indicated that wheat TaFAR6, TaFAR7 and TaFAR8 are involved in biosynthesis of very-long-chain primary alcohols in hexaploid wheat and in response to multiple environmental stresses.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12870-018-1256-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

bmc plant biology

Three endoplasmic reticulum-associated fatty acyl-coenzyme a reductases were involved in the production of primary alcohols in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)