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Background  Inflorescences of wheat species, spikes, are characteristically unbranched and bear one sessile spikelet at a spike rachis node. Development of supernumerary spikelets (SSs) at rachis nodes or on the extended rachillas is abnormal. Various wheat morphotypes with altered spike morphology, associated with the development of SSs, present an important genetic resource for studies on genetic regulation of wheat inflorescence development.    Results  Here we characterized diploid and tetraploid wheat lines of various non-standard spike morphotypes, which allowed for identification of a new mutant allele of the  WHEAT FRIZZY PANICLE  ( WFZP ) gene that determines spike branching in diploid wheat  Ttiticum monococcum  L. Moreover, we found that the development of SSs and spike branching in wheat  T. durum  Desf. was a result of a  wfzp-A/TtBH-A1  mutation that originated from spontaneous hybridization with  T. turgidum  convar.  сompositum  (L.f.) Filat. Detailed characterization of the false-true ramification phenotype controlled by the recessive  sham ramification 2  ( shr2 ) gene in tetraploid wheat  T. turgidum  L. allowed us to suggest putative functions of the  SHR2  gene that may be involved in the regulation of spikelet meristem fate and in specification of floret meristems. The results of a gene interaction test suggested that genes  WFZP  and  SHR2  function independently in different processes during spikelet development, whereas another spike ramification gene(s) interact(s) with  SHR2  and share(s) common functions.    Conclusions  SS mutants represent an important genetic tool for research on the development of the wheat spikelet and for identification of genes that control meristem activities. Further studies on different non-standard SS morphotypes and wheat lines with altered spike morphology will allow researchers to identify new genes that control meristem identity and determinacy, to elucidate the interaction between the genes, and to understand how these genes, acting in concert, regulate the development of the wheat spike.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12870-017-1191-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Genes WHEAT FRIZZY PANICLE and SHAM RAMIFICATION 2 independently regulate differentiation of floral meristems in wheat