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Background  Subtribe Orchidinae (Orchidaceae, Orchidoideae) are a nearly cosmopolitan taxon of terrestrial orchids, comprising about 1800 species in 47 to 60 genera. Although much progress has been made in recent years of phylogenetics of Orchidinae, considerable problems remain to be addressed. Based on molecular phylogenetics, we attempt to illustrate the phylogenetic relationships and discuss generic delimitation within Orchidinae. Seven DNA markers (five plastid and two nuclear), a broad sampling of Orchidinae (400 species in 52 genera) and three methods of phylogenetic analysis (maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference) were used.    Results  Orchidinae s.l. are monophyletic.  Satyrium  is sister to the rest of Orchidinae s.l.  Brachycorythis  and  Schizochilus  are successive sister to Asian-European Orchidinae s.s.  Sirindhornia  and  Shizhenia  are successive sister to clade formed by  Tsaiorchis - Hemipilia - Ponerorchis  alliance.  Stenoglottis  is sister to the  Habenaria-Herminium-Peristylus  alliance.  Habenaria , currently the largest genus in Orchidinae, is polyphyletic and split into two distant clades: one Asian-Australian and the other African–American–Asian.  Diplomeris  is sister to  Herminium  s.l. plus Asian-Australian  Habenaria .    Conclusions  We propose to recognize five genera in the  Ponerorchis  alliance:  Hemipilia ,  Ponerorchis  s.l.,  Sirindhornia ,  Shizhenia  and  Tsaiorchis . Splitting  Habenaria  into two genera based on morphological characters and geographical distribution may be the least disruptive approach, and it is reasonable to keep  Satyrium  in Orchidinae.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12870-017-1160-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

bmc plant biology

Phylogenetics of subtribe Orchidinae s.l. (Orchidaceae; Orchidoideae) based on seven markers (plastid matK, psaB, rbcL, trnL-F, trnH-psba, and nuclear nrITS, Xdh): implications for generic delimitation