English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Background  Sinapic acid and its esters have broad functions in different stages of seed germination and plant development and are thought to play a role in protecting against ultraviolet irradiation. To better understand the interactions between sinapic acid esters and seed germination processes in response to various stresses, we analyzed the role of the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) in the regulation of sinapic acid esters involved in seed germination and early seedling growth.    Results  We found that exogenous sinapic acid promotes seed germination in a dose-dependent manner in  Arabidopsis thaliana . High-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry analysis showed that exogenous sinapic acid increased the sinapoylcholine content of imbibed seeds. Furthermore, sinapic acid affected ABA catabolism, resulting in reduced ABA levels and increased levels of the ABA-glucose ester. Using mutants deficient in the synthesis of sinapate esters, we showed that the germination of mutant  sinapoylglucose accumulator 2  ( sng2 ) and  bright trichomes 1  ( brt1 ) seeds was more sensitive to ABA than the wild-type. Moreover,  Arabidopsis  mutants deficient in either  abscisic acid deficient 2  ( ABA2 ) or  abscisic acid insensitive 3  ( ABI3 ) displayed increased expression of the  sinapoylglucose:choline sinapoyltransferase  ( SCT ) and  sinapoylcholine esterase  ( SCE ) genes with sinapic acid treatment. This treatment also affected the accumulation of sinapoylcholine and free choline during seed germination.    Conclusions  We demonstrated that sinapoylcholine, which constitutes the major phenolic component in seeds among various minor sinapate esters, affected ABA homeostasis during seed germination and early seedling growth in  Arabidopsis . Our findings provide insights into the role of sinapic acid and its esters in regulating ABA-mediated inhibition of  Arabidopsis  seed germination in response to drought stress.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12870-017-1048-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Sinapic acid or its derivatives interfere with abscisic acid homeostasis during Arabidopsis thaliana seed germination