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Background  Flower opening is an important process in the life cycle of flowering plants and is influenced by various endogenous and environmental factors. Our previous work demonstrated that rose ( Rosa hybrida ) flowers are highly sensitive to dehydration during flower opening and the water recovery process after dehydration induced ethylene production rapidly in flower gynoecia. In addition, this temporal- and spatial-specific ethylene production is attributed to a transient but robust activation of the rose MAP KINASE6-ACC SYNTHASE1 (RhMPK6-RhACS1) cascade in gynoecia. However, the upstream component of RhMPK6-RhACS1 is unknown, although RhMKK9 (MAP KINASE KINASE9), a rose homologue of  Arabidopsis  MKK9, could activate RhMPK6 in vitro. In this study, we monitored  RhMKK2/4/5/9  expression, the potential upstream kinase to RhMPK6, in rose gynoecia during dehydration and rehydration.    Results  We found only  RhMKK9  was rapidly and strongly induced by rehydration. Silencing of  RhMKK9  significantly decreased rehydration-triggered ethylene production. Consistently, the expression of several ethylene-responsive genes was down regulated in the petals of  RhMKK9 -silenced flowers. Moreover, we detected the DNA methylation level in the promoter and gene body of  RhMKK9  by Chop-PCR. The results showed that rehydration specifically elevated the DNA methylation level on the  RhMKK9  gene body, whereas it resulted in hypomethylation in its promoter.    Conclusions  Our results showed that RhMKK9 possibly acts as the upstream component of the RhMKK9-RhMPK6-RhACS1 cascade and is responsible for water recovery-triggered ethylene production in rose gynoecia, and epigenetic DNA methylation is involved in the regulation of  RhMKK9  expression by rehydration.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12870-017-0999-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

RhMKK9, a rose MAP KINASE KINASE gene, is involved in rehydration-triggered ethylene production in rose gynoecia