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Background  The NAC family of transcription factors is one of the largest gene families of transcription factors in plants and the conifer NAC gene family is at least as large, or possibly larger, as in  Arabidopsis . These transcription factors control both developmental and stress induced processes in plants. Yet, conifer NACs controlling stress induced processes has received relatively little attention. This study investigates NAC family transcription factors involved in the responses to the pathogen  Heterobasidion annosum  (Fr.) Bref. sensu lato.    Results  The phylogeny and domain structure in the NAC proteins can be used to organize functional specificities, several well characterized stress-related NAC proteins are found in III-3 in  Arabidopsis  (Jensen et al. Biochem J 426:183–196, 2010). The Norway spruce genome contain seven genes with similarity to subgroup III-3 NACs. Based on the expression pattern  PaNAC03  was selected for detailed analyses. Norway spruce lines overexpressing  PaNAC03  exhibited aberrant embryo development in response to maturation initiation and 482 misregulated genes were identified in proliferating cultures. Three key genes in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway: a  CHS,  a  F3’H  and  PaLAR3  were consistently down regulated in the overexpression lines .  In accordance, the overexpression lines showed reduced levels of specific flavonoids, suggesting that  PaNAC03  act as a repressor of this pathway, possibly by directly interacting with the promoter of the repressed genes. However, transactivation studies of  Pa NAC03 and  PaLAR3  in  Nicotiana benthamiana  showed that  Pa NAC03 activated  PaLAR3A,  suggesting that PaNAC03 does not act as an independent negative regulator of flavan-3-ol production through direct interaction with the target flavonoid biosynthetic genes.    Conclusions    PaNAC03  and its orthologs form a sister group to well characterized stress-related angiosperm NAC genes and at least  PaNAC03  is responsive to biotic stress and appear to act in the control of defence associated secondary metabolite production.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12870-016-0952-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

bmc plant biology

Overexpression of PaNAC03, a stress induced NAC gene family transcription factor in Norway spruce leads to reduced flavonol biosynthesis and aberrant embryo development